Overview of Seasonal Affective Disorder
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a form of depression linked to seasonal changes, occurring and resolving around the same time each year [2]. These symptoms typically improve during the spring and summer. In rarer cases, SAD can cause depression in the spring or early summer, which then subsides in the fall or winter [2]. SAD usually begins in adulthood, with the likelihood of developing it increasing as people get older [1]. It is uncommon in individuals under 20 years old, and women are more frequently affected than men [1]. Risk factors of seasonal affective disorder are a family history of SAD, having major depression or bipolar disorder, living far from the equator, and having a low level of vitamin D [2].
Types of Seasonal Affective Disorder
Fall-onset [1]: Also known as winter depression or winter pattern seasonal affective disorder [3]. This begins with depressive symptoms appearing in late fall or early winter and improving during the summer [1].
Spring-onset [1]: Also known as summer depression or summer pattern seasonal affective disorder [3]. This starts with symptoms in late spring or early summer [1]. It is less common [1] [3].
Symptoms of Seasonal Affective Disorder
Increased sleep and daytime drowsiness [1]
Loss of interest and pleasure in activities formerly enjoyed [1]
Social withdrawal and increased sensitivity to rejection [1]
Grouchiness and anxiety [1]
Feelings of guilt and hopelessness [1]
Excessive tiredness (fatigue) [1]
Decreased sex drive [1]
Decreased ability to focus [1]
Trouble thinking clearly [1]
Increased appetite, especially for sweets and carbohydrates [1]
Weight gain [1]
Physical problems, such as headaches [1]
Feeling listless, sad, or down most of the day, nearly every day [2]
Having problems with sleeping too much [2]
Having difficulty concentrating [2]
Feeling hopeless, worthless, or guilty [2]
Having thoughts of not wanting to live [2]
Seasonal Affective Disorder and Bipolar Disorder
Individuals with bipolar disorder have a higher risk of developing seasonal affective disorder [2]. For some, manic episodes may be tied to particular seasons [2]. For instance, spring and summer can trigger symptoms of mania or hypomania, along with anxiety, agitation, and irritability [2]. Conversely, they may experience depressive episodes in the fall and winter [2].
Causes of Seasonal Affective Disorder
The reduced daylight and shorter days are believed to trigger chemical changes in the brain that result in depressive symptoms [1]. Melatonin, a hormone associated with sleep and mood, has also been connected to SAD [1] [2]. The body produces more melatonin in the dark, so during shorter and darker days, melatonin production increases [1]. A decrease in serotonin, a neurotransmitter that influences mood, may contribute to SAD [2]. Reduced exposure to sunlight can lower serotonin levels, potentially leading to depression [2].
Treatment of Seasonal Affective Disorder
Sunlight Exposure[1]: Spending time outdoors or sitting near a window can help alleviate symptoms [1].
Light Therapy: [1] When getting more sunlight isn't feasible, using a special light for a set period each day may be beneficial. Certain light sources work best for treating SAD, so consult your healthcare provider for advice [1].
Antidepressants [1]: These medications can address the chemical imbalance that may contribute to SAD [1].
Psychotherapy [1]
References
Seasonal affective disorder. (n.d.). Johns Hopkins Medicine. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/seasonal-affective-disorder#:~:text=Seasonal%20affective%20disorder%20(SAD)%20is,leading%20to%20symptoms%20of%20depression.
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) - Symptoms & causes - Mayo Clinic. (2021, December 14). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seasonal-affective-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20364651
Seasonal affective disorder. (n.d.-b). National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/seasonal-affective-disorder
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