Characteristic features of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by a consistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that disrupts daily functioning[1]. Inattention in ADHD appears as difficulty staying focused[1], daydreaming[2], frequent distraction from tasks[1], lack of persistence[1], and organizational challenges[1]. These behaviors are not due to defiance or a lack of understanding[1]. Hyperactivity is evident through excessive physical activity, such as inappropriate running around, frequent fidgeting, tapping, or excessive talking[1]. In adults, this may present as a feeling of restlessness. Impulsivity involves spontaneous actions taken without forethought, which can be potentially harmful[1]. It may result from a preference for immediate rewards or an inability to wait for delayed gratification, leading to behaviors like interrupting others or making significant decisions without considering long-term effects[1].
Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Carelessness[2]
Struggling to maintain focus over extended periods[2]
Seeming not to listen when spoken to[2]
Failing to follow through with teachers' or parents' requests[2]
Difficulty organizing work, often appearing to miss instructions[2]
Avoidance of tasks that need prolonged concentration[2]
Misplacing items needed for completing tasks[2]
Getting distracted quickly[2]
Being forgetful in daily activities[2]
Restlessness or fidgeting behavior[2]
Difficulty remaining seated[2]
Inappropriate running or climbing[2]
Struggles to engage in quiet activities[2]
Appears to be constantly in motion or "on the go"[2]
Talks excessively[2]
Acts impulsively without considering the consequences[2]
Often blurts out in class without waiting or before a question is fully asked[2]
Has trouble waiting for their turn in group activities[2]
Frequently interrupts or intrudes on others[2]
Causes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
The exact causes of ADHD remain unknown to scientists[4]. Although there is increasing evidence that genetics play a role in ADHD and several genes have been associated with the disorder, no specific gene or combination of genes has been pinpointed as the cause[4]. It's noteworthy that ADHD tends to run in families, as relatives of individuals with the condition often have it as well[4]. Research has shown anatomical differences in the brains of children with ADHD compared to those without the disorder, such as reduced volumes of grey and white matter and distinct patterns of brain region activation during certain tasks [5]. Additional research has highlighted that the frontal lobes, caudate nucleus, and cerebellar vermis are areas of the brain affected by ADHD [6]. Moreover, several non-genetic factors have been associated with ADHD, including low birth weight, premature birth, exposure to toxins (like alcohol, smoking, lead, etc.) during pregnancy, and severe stress during pregnancy[4].
Prevalence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
ADHD begins in childhood. ADHD affects approximately 5% of children[2].
Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Medication and psychotherapy are used as treatments for ADHD. Medications like methylphenidate, amphetamine, atomoxetine, and bupropion could be used as medication options for ADHD[3]. Psychotherapy may help to improve time management, organization, problem-solving, academic work, self-esteem, and temper[3]. It also could be used to reduce impulsivity[3].
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Harvard Health. (2022, March 21). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd-a-to-z
Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic. (2023, January 25). https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adult-adhd/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350883
What is ADHD? (n.d.). https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/adhd/what-is-adhd#:~:text=Attention%2Ddeficit%2Fhyperactivity%20disorder%20(ADHD)%20is%20one%20of,in%20the%20moment%20without%20thought).
Pliszka, S., & AACAP Work Group on Quality Issues. (2007). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(7), 894-921. https://doi.org/10.1097/chi.0b013e318054e724
Tripp, G., & Wickens, J. R. (2009). Neurobiology of ADHD. Neuropharmacology, 57(7-8), 579-589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.07.026
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